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Russian military deception
Russian military deception, sometimes known as ''Maskirovka'' (''Маскировка'') is a military doctrine developed from the start of the twentieth century. The doctrine covers a broad range of measures for military deception, ranging from camouflage to denial and deception.
Deceptive measures include concealment, imitation with decoys and dummies, manoeuvres intended to deceive, denial, and disinformation. The 1944 ''Soviet Military Encyclopedia'' refers to "means of securing combat operations and the daily activities of forces; a complexity of measures, directed to mislead the enemy regarding the presence and disposition of forces..." Later versions of the doctrine also include strategic, political, and diplomatic means including manipulation of "the facts", situation and perceptions to affect the media and public/world opinion, so as to achieve or facilitate tactical, strategic, national and international goals.
Deception contributed to major Soviet victories including the Battle of Stalingrad, the Battle of Kursk, and Operation Bagration (in Belarus): in these cases, surprise was achieved despite very large concentrations of force, both in attack and in defence. The doctrine has also been put into practice in peacetime, with denial and deception operations in events such as the Cuban missile crisis, the Prague Spring, and the annexation of Crimea.
==Development of the doctrine==
The Russian doctrine of military deception has evolved with time, and it encompasses a number of meanings. The Russian term ''маскировка'' (maskirovka) literally means ''masking''. An early military meaning was camouflage, soon extended to battlefield masking using smoke and other methods of screening. From there it came to have the broader meaning of military deception, widening to include denial and deception.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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